Blog Directory

Interoperability in Healthcare: Creating Value from Silos

Interoperability in Healthcare: Creating Value from Sil...

Imagine this: You walk into a hospital, and the doctor pulls up your entire medical history, lab results, past treatments, imaging, and even notes from your previous specialist visits, instantly. No fumbling with CDs, no delays, no missing pieces. That’s the promise of healthcare interoperability in practice.

Yet in the many systems and institutions that make up modern medicine, data is often trapped in silos. Department by department, hospital by hospital, each piece of software speaks its own language.

How can we tear down these walls and turn fragmentation into synergy? That’s the topic here, and how your organization or clinic can use healthcare interoperability solutions to transform daily care delivery.

What Is Interoperability in Healthcare?

First of all, let’s talk about the basics. What is interoperability in the healthcare sector? In easy words, it is the capacity of various health information systems, devices, or applications to interchange data and carry out all the necessary processes such as understanding and using it in a significant way.

To put it simply, in a healthcare context, interoperability implies:

  • The primary care EHR, for instance, can transfer patient information to a laboratory or imaging center.
  • The lab system or imaging center can recognize that information correctly (it is not just a bunch of bytes).
  • The lab system or imaging center can use that information in its workflows (e.g., automatically magnetizing a lab result, integrating it into the patient record).

And, ideally, the whole process is secure, fast, and automated.

Thus, the data exchange in the healthcare sector is not about “sending files” merely; rather, real interoperability signifies EHR integration and the clinically meaningful data being exchanged across systems without any barriers.

Standards make this possible. Among the most important is HL7 (Health Level Seven International). HL7 defines a suite of standards, including HL7 v2, HL7 v3 / CDA, and FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources). FHIR is increasingly popular because it uses web-friendly formats (JSON, XML) and has modern APIs, making it a bridge between legacy systems and newer applications.

In short: healthcare interoperability is the backbone that enables all systems to “speak the same language”, unlocking the power of unified data rather than isolated silos.

Why Even Bother? The Benefits of Healthcare Interoperability

Why-Even-Bother-The-Benefits-of-Healthcare-Interoperability

If building integration sounds like a lot of work (and it is!), why do it? The benefits are compelling and when you outsource the healthcare support services, the benefits that they provide you are even better:

1. Better Clinical Outcomes & Safer Care

When the providers are able to get a patient’s complete medical history, medications, allergies, lab results, imaging, and so on, from any facility, clinical decisions are really more informed. That implies fewer mistakes, fewer tests that have been done already, and quicker interventions.

2. Efficiency Gains & Cost Savings

Organizations can save both time and money by eliminating duplicate tests, reducing administrative drag, and cutting data re-entry. Interoperability not only hurries up the workflows but also allows the workers to look after the patients and not to run after the documents.

3. Continuity of Care

Patients are often visiting various clinics, hospitals, laboratories, radiology centers, specialists, etc. When all the points in that chain are enabled to communicate and access patient data, care transitions are made less troublesome and, thus, more secure.

4. Innovation & Analytics

Data can be accessed freely, hence you can also add analytics, AI, population health tools, predictive modeling, and the like. Richer data justifies smarter insight if the systems are interoperable.

5. Compliance & Patient Empowerment

Most of the regulatory frameworks today require or at least encourage interoperability and patient data access. Furthermore, the interoperable systems give patients the power to see, share, or even contribute to their own records across different platforms.

Here’s a reality check: as of 2023, 70% of U.S. hospitals engaged in all four key domains of interoperable exchange (send, receive, find, integrate), a big increase from prior years.

And in 2021, 88% of hospitals were electronically sending or obtaining patient health information, and nearly 3/4 were integrating that data into their EHRs.

That said, adoption still isn’t universal, and many smaller or rural hospitals lag behind. The value is clear, but the path isn’t always easy.

Challenges of Interoperability in Healthcare

Let’s get honest: making interoperability happen is hard. Some of the key hurdles include:

  • Legacy Systems & Proprietary Software

The various healthcare institutions still rely upon outdated systems or particular software that was not designed to ensure interoperability. The vendors usually rely on their own proprietary protocols thereby complicating the integration further.

  • Varied Standards, Ambiguities & Multiple Versions

Even if the systems are compliant with HL7 or FHIR, the differences in implementation, the use of optional fields, or the interpretation of the underlying meaning can bring about mismatches. The standards are really strong, but still they allow for deviating practices.

  • Data Silos & Organizational Boundaries

Sharing data may not be acceptable to some departments or institutions, due to privacy fears, competition for incentives, or data ownership issues.

  • Data Security, Privacy & Consent

The process of sharing health data is very demanding in terms of security, encryption, identity controls, and patient consent. Moreover, you have to ensure that you comply with the laws such as HIPAA compliance, GDPR, or local health data acts.

  • Cost, Complexity & Scale

Building interoperable systems requires investment, not just in software, but in integration, mapping, testing, maintenance, and governance. For example, integrating a medical device to an EHR might cost thousands per unit and carry ongoing maintenance expenses.

  • Semantic Interoperability

It’s not enough to send a field called “blood pressure”; systems must agree on units, codes, and interpretation. Semantic alignment and ontology mapping are intricate tasks.

Despite the challenges, it’s precisely the organizations that take interoperability seriously and invest in robust healthcare interoperability software and solutions that will create sustained value.

Healthcare Interoperability Solutions: Tools That Make It Real

What does a real-world interoperability solution look like? Below are some of the tools and approaches you can adopt (or look for in a software partner):

HL7 Interfaces / Messaging Engines

These act as translators, receiving HL7 v2 messages (e.g. lab results, ADT events) and routing them to appropriate systems or transforming them for compatibility.

FHIR APIs & Middleware

FHIR (a standard under HL7) offers APIs for reading, writing, and querying medical data resources (Patient, Observation, Condition, etc.). Middleware platforms help unify data flows across legacy systems.

Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) / Integration Platforms

It connects different systems through adapters at one central point and also manages the data interchange in common formats.

Health Information Exchanges (HIEs)

Networks that could be either at the regional or national level and that make it possible for data to be exchanged between different organizations.

Master Patient Index (MPI) / Identity Management

Makes sure that every patient is given a unique identifier across different systems, thus preventing the occurrence of duplicates or errors.

Terminology Servers & Mapping Engines

Convert the various coding systems used (for instance, SNOMED, LOINC, ICD) into one another so as to allow for semantic interoperability.

Audit, Consent & Security Layers

For governance, audit trails, encryption, and enforcing patient permissions or consent flags to minimize cybercrimes.

Analytics Engines / Data Lakes

Once data is flowing, you can feed it into deeper layers for insights, AI, or reporting.

When your software solution combines multiple of these capabilities in a modular, secure, scalable way, with seamless EHR integration, that’s when you get real leverage. We build precisely such architectures, healthcare interoperability software that bridges gaps rather than reinforcing them.

Examples of Interoperability in Healthcare You Can Show Off

Examples-of-Interoperability-in-Healthcare

Here are a few compelling, real-world examples:

  • Regional Health Information Exchanges (HIEs):

An HIE connects hospitals, labs, imaging centers, pharmacies, and clinics in many areas. In addition to that, doctors can make queries and get patient summaries from other institutions that are part of the program.

  • SMART Health Cards & Vaccination Passports:

The COVID-19 pandemic brought about the need for digital vaccination records that could be verified cross-site, using HL7 FHIR and W3C frameworks, and thus the standardization of digital records was established.

  • Integrated Hospital Systems:

A doctor’s EHR sends a patient’s laboratory orders to the laboratory’s system; results are then automatically read and added to the patient’s record without any human intervention.

  • Medical Device Integration to EHR:

The EHR receives streaming data from a ventilator, ECG machine, or infusion pump; the clinicians can monitor and notify them on one dashboard.

  • Patient Portals / Mobile Apps:

Patients have access to their records, lab results, or vaccination history and can even share that information with another provider, regardless of institutions and platforms.

Each of these examples is more than just cool tech, they translate isolated records into actionable care.

Building Value from Silos: A Step-by-Step Approach

Here’s a suggested roadmap to make interoperability a reality (and not just a buzzword).

Assess your current state:

Map out systems, data flows, silos, standards. Use an interoperability maturity model (e.g. HIMSS) to benchmark.

Define use cases & priorities:

What data is critical to exchange (labs, imaging, medications)? Which workflows suffer most from silos?

Choose standards & architecture:

Align on HL7/FHIR, messaging protocols, API design, and vendor-neutral integration.

Select or build robust software:

Look for modular, scalable interoperability frameworks. Look for healthcare solutions that are built this way!

Pilot & iterate:

Start with limited exchanges (e.g. lab to EHR), test mappings, data quality, consent flows, security controls.

Governance & data model alignment:

Create a policy framework around data ownership, consent, versioning, and semantic semantics.

Scale & improve:

Add new systems, institutions, device integrations, and analytics layers. Monitor and refine.

If you follow this path and choose the right healthcare interoperability solutions, you’ll convert isolated silos into value-generating networks, benefiting providers, patients, and administrators

Turning Healthcare Data Into Action

Interoperability in healthcare is not only a technical upgrade, it is a total shift towards care that is smarter, safer, and connected. The communication between hospitals, labs, and digital platforms without any effort ensures that the healthcare process is fast, reliable, and patient-centered. However, the achievement of this level of flawless connectivity requires the perfect technology partner, one who is fully aware of both the integration of EHRs and the challenges of data exchange in healthcare on a practical basis.

We at Arpatech, a company specializing in providing healthcare interoperability software, help overcome the data silos issue, support the HL7 and FHIR standards, and allow the secure and smooth flow of data across your systems. Our team is capable of providing you with the customized healthcare interoperability solutions, API development, or complete integration of your existing platforms that you need and also helping you design a scalable ecosystem that changes the way your organization delivers care.

Let’s build connected healthcare together. Get in touch with Arpatech today to discover how interoperability can unlock the full potential of your data.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why Is Interoperability Important in Healthcare?

Interoperability, in simple terms, aims to turn scattered data into a unified clinical story. Due to the complexities and multi-institutional nature of healthcare, it is not possible for a single system to contain everything. If interoperability is not in place:

  • Doctors might miss essential background information and this might cause medical mistakes.
  • Patient care experiences delay caused by testing, communication, and administrative work that are done repeatedly.
  • Patients are unable to manage or see their health data because of the difficulty created by the organizations.
  • Healthcare providers can’t share ideas with one another, and the result is less innovation.

However, if there is proper interoperability, you will have safer, faster, and smarter care.

What Are the 3 Types of Interoperability in Healthcare?

This is a useful framework to understand how deep your connectivity is. The three main types are:

  • Technical Interoperability

The ability of systems to pass data back and forth, wiring, protocols, message formats. For example, an HL7 v2 message moving from Lab System A to EHR B.

  • Semantic Interoperability

Ensuring that the receiving system can interpret that data in the same way the sender intended, for instance, anemia coded the same way, units matched, terminology aligned. It’s about shared meaning, e.g. SNOMED, LOINC, standard terminologies.

  • Organizational / Process Interoperability

Aligning workflows, policies, consent, permissions, responsibilities across institutions. It involves governance, data ownership, authentication, business rules. Even if two systems speak the same language, they need agreements about who’s allowed to fetch what, when, and how.

When all three are working, you have truly interoperable healthcare, not just data passing, but data that leads to action.

Ramsha Khan

Oct 14, 2025

Digital Wallets Beyond Fintech Payment Solutions

Digital Wallets Beyond Fintech Payment Solutions

If you’ve been keeping up with the world of finance and technology, you already know that fintech payment solutions are changing the way we handle money. But this is really thrilling: digital wallets do not really just pay bills for you, or tap your phone at the register to buy a cup of coffee, or have friends split a bill with you. They are quite steadily evolving into powerful tools that go way beyond payment solutions.

Today, digital wallets are at the very base of a transformation that can be anything from real-time payments to open banking and mobile banking experiences. These tools will take businesses, consumers, and even states toward a new level in their journey toward innovation in the payment arena.

Here, we’ll explore how digital wallets are redefining financial ecosystems, why they matter to industries outside traditional finance, and what the future holds for them.

From Payments to Lifestyle Necessity

When people first heard about digital wallets, most thought of them as a simple alternative to credit cards or cash. Apple Pay, Google Wallet, and PayPal dominated the scene, showing us how easy it could be to complete transactions digitally. But now, digital wallets are turning into something much more: lifestyle companions.

Think about it: today, your wallet can hold not just money but also loyalty points, airline tickets, event passes, and even your digital ID. Instead of being just a transaction tool, it becomes your gateway to everyday experiences.

The Power of Real-Time Payments

One of the most groundbreaking changes digital wallets bring is real-time payments. No more waiting hours or days for money to show up in your account. Whether you’re sending money across borders or paying a freelancer in another country, digital wallets make it instant.

According to Statista, the global transaction value of digital payments is expected to reach $14.79 trillion by 2027. This number reflects just how big the demand for fast, convenient, and reliable solutions has become.

For businesses, real-time payments through digital wallets mean better cash flow and smoother supply chains. For consumers, it’s about speed and trust; you know your money will arrive when you need it.

Digital Wallets and Mobile Banking: A Perfect Pair

Another way digital wallets are availing one of the integrations applications in collaboration with mobile banking. Banks do not suffice in holding your funds only, but actually contest against one another to create more seamless tech-enabled experiences.

Suppose this application allows you to log into your bank account, view your digital wallet’s remaining balance, transfer funds instantly, and explore personalized financial advice all in one place. Customers enjoy it, and banks remain relevant in this fintech world.

Just look at the numbers: mobile banking, in 2024, was adopted for use by more than 55% of the people in the U.S. You take that and add in growth figures from digital wallets, and one gets a good glimpse into the future-much of it connected and mobile-first.

Open Banking: What New Possibilities are on that Front?

Here’s where things get even more exciting with open banking. At its core, open banking allows financial data to flow securely between banks, enables fintech apps security, and third-party providers. Digital wallets are at the forefront of this revolution.

With open banking, your digital wallet could do things like:

  • Compare loan offers in real time.
  • Automatically set up a savings plan based on your spending.
  • Offer you smarter investment suggestions.

This level of personalization turns digital wallets into financial advisors in your pocket. For businesses, it opens doors to new services, better customer insights, and partnerships with innovative fintech providers.

Payment Innovation Across Industries

Payment-Innovation-Across-Industries

The beauty of digital wallets is that they’re not limited to financial transactions. Let’s look at how industries outside banking are using them:

  • Retail

Through loyalty rewards and personalized promotions, retailers are incorporating digital wallets into shopping apps. Customers enjoy instant discounts while brands cultivate a stronger bond.

  • Healthcare

Secure digital wallets enable patients to store insurance information, pay bills, and even handle prescriptions.

  • Travel & Hospitality

Digital wallets eliminate cumbersome routines with boarding passes, hotel check-ins, and car rentals.

  • Education

Universities are testing wallets for fee payments, ID cards, and access to campus services.

This cross-industry adoption shows that payment innovation isn’t just about money, it’s about convenience and trust across daily life.

Why Should Businesses Care?

If you’re running a business, ignoring the rise of digital wallets isn’t an option. Customers now expect real-time payments, seamless checkouts, and integrations with their favorite wallets. By offering these options, you:

  • Improve customer satisfaction.
  • Reduce cart abandonment in e-commerce.
  • Build trust through secure transactions.

And here’s the twist: businesses that adapt to payment innovation early don’t just survive, they thrive. They attract younger, tech-savvy customers while streamlining internal processes.

This is exactly where our digital software solutions come in. We help businesses create, integrate, and scale digital wallet experiences personalized to their industry. Whether you need a custom wallet for retail, a mobile banking upgrade, or an open banking integration, we’ve got the expertise to make it happen.

The Future of Digital Wallets

So, what’s next for digital wallets? The possibilities are endless. We’re moving toward wallets that:

The-Future-of-Digital-Wallets

The line between finance and everyday life will blur even further. Soon, your digital wallet won’t just handle money; it’ll manage your entire digital existence.

Final Thoughts

Digital wallets are no longer just about making quick payments at the grocery store. They’ve evolved into dynamic ecosystems that combine fintech payment solutions, mobile banking, real-time payments, open banking, and payment innovation.

For businesses, this means a chance to get ahead by offering customers smarter, faster, and more connected experiences. For consumers, it means more control, convenience, and trust.

If you’re ready to explore how digital wallets can transform your business, at Arpatech, our digital software solutions are here to guide you every step of the way. Let’s shape the future of payments together.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a digital wallet payment?

A digital wallet payment refers to payments done using an electronic gadget, usually a smartphone, which stores securely the payment data for credit cards, debit cards, or bank accounts. This method permits fast payment with little hassle of carrying actual cash and cards.

What is a benefit of using digital wallets for payments?

Convenience is the greatest benefit. You can pay instantly, track your expenses, and even have a place to store your rewards or tickets-all in the same secure place.

What is the next-generation payment solution?

The next-generation payment solutions symbolize a revolution where real-time payments, sharing banking APIs, AI-enabled customization, and digital wallets are implanted with one another to offer a more progressive, safe, and smart financial experience.

What are the latest payment innovations?

Payments edition of the future headlines in digital wallets, integration with mobile banking, real-time payments, open banking functionalities, and blockchain-performance-powered transactions. These technological wins are revolutionizing debentures in tomorrow’s finance from various domains.

Ramsha Khan

Oct 9, 2025

Insurance Fraud Prevention with Blockchain and AI

Insurance Fraud Prevention with Blockchain and AI

Insurance is built on trust. People pay premiums with the belief that their insurance company will step in during tough times, whether it’s after a car accident, a hospital stay, or damage to their home. But unfortunately, fraud eats away at this trust. Insurance fraud is a growing phenomenon across the globe tolling up dollars in billions every year while raising premium costs for honest customers.

Luckily, new things like Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have changed the game really quite well. All of these really powerful technologies are changing the way we detect, prevent, and even eliminate fraud in the insurance industry. Let’s explain how this works and why it matters.

Why Insurance Fraud is Such a Big Deal

Insurance fraud isn’t just about a few fake claims here and there; it’s a massive global issue. According to the Coalition Against Insurance Fraud, fraud costs the U.S. insurance industry over $308 billion annually. That’s money that could have gone into lowering premiums, improving services, or creating more customer benefits.

Fake medical bills, staged vehicle accidents, padded property claims, or even people taking insurance policies under fraudulent names are all forms of fraud. Every time fraud occurs, the investigator spends considerable time and energy to investigate it, and customers usually feel the consequences through higher costs.

Here is where Insurance Fraud Prevention, Blockchain, and AI step in for insurance fraud detection. Together, they offer transparency, speed, and intelligence that no human investigator can match by themself.

Understanding Blockchain in Insurance

Let us define what the term actually means before digging deep into the nitty-gritty of how blockchain fights fraud.

Blockchain is like digital ledger, or book of records that keeps track of transactions. But here comes the twist: Unlike the traditionally maintained records, blockchain does not exist at one point; it is on many computers; once the information enters it, it cannot be changed or altered.

What does that mean for insurance companies?

  • Getting a blockchain insurance solution will make the items in claims, contracts, and customer data tamper-proof.
  • Increased integrity of data for insurance processes since all entries can be verified and are transparent.
  • A fraud doesn’t just copy an original document to submit a duplicate claim. Each and every record is safely timestamped and stored.

So really, a person would think of blockchain as a glass with clear visibility where every action can be traced and traced and locked.

How AI Helps Detect Insurance Fraud

While blockchain locks down data, AI in insurance fraud prevention brings intelligence to the table. Artificial Intelligence thrives on analyzing large volumes of information quickly, something human teams would take weeks or months to do.

How-AI-Helps-Detect-Insurance-Fraud

AI uses tools like machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics to:

  • Spot Unusual Patterns: For example, if one customer files five accident claims in a month, AI will flag it immediately.
  • Verify Documents: AI can scan medical reports, receipts, or images to check if they’ve been altered or copied from the internet.
  • Predict Suspicious Behavior: By comparing claims with historical data, AI can estimate the likelihood that a new claim is fraudulent.

In short, AI works like a detective, always scanning the scene, connecting the dots, and raising red flags where things don’t add up.

Blockchain + AI: A Perfect Team for Fraud Prevention

Blockchain and AI, when taken separately, are great. Together, however, the two form a chain that cannot be broken when it comes to preventing fraud in insurance.

Here is how they complement each other:

  • Blockchain guarantees trustworthy data. Then AI does not waste its time analyzing tampered or false records since every transaction is secure and verifiable.
  • AI analyzes blockchain data in real-time, thereby catching suspicious activity faster than any human could.
  • Together, they breed trust. Customers know their private data are safe, while insurance companies can trust their records during investigations.

For example: consider a situation wherein one claimant attempts to lodge duplicate claims for the same car accident with two different insurers. Blockchain ensures that both claims are posted on the same ledger and, hence, duplication is quite apparent. Further, AI flags the duplicate instantly and saves both insurers time and money.

Real-World Examples of Blockchain and AI in Action

Let’s bring this down to real-world scenarios where these technologies are already making a difference.

  • Health Insurance Claims

Fake medical bills are one of the biggest sources of fraud. Blockchain ensures hospital records are securely stored and can’t be altered. AI then checks these records against submitted claims to verify authenticity.

  • Auto Insurance

Some fraudsters stage accidents or inflate repair costs. AI can analyze crash photos or repair bills to detect inconsistencies, while blockchain ensures repair shop records match what’s being claimed.

  • Life Insurance

False identities are sometimes used to file fraudulent claims. With blockchain, identity verification becomes foolproof, while AI checks application patterns to catch suspicious submissions.

These examples highlight how risk assessment blockchain systems combined with AI can filter out fraud before it even reaches the payout stage.

The Benefits of Using Blockchain + AI in Insurance

The-Benefits-of-Using-Blockchain

So, why should insurance companies adopt these technologies? Here are some clear benefits:

  • Stronger Fraud Prevention

The combination of blockchain’s tamper-proof records and AI’s ability to analyze data in real time creates an airtight defense system.

  • Cost Efficiency

Insurance companies are able to save billions in their operations through fraud reduction, which can be channelled to either reduce premiums or uplift the service levels offered to customers.

  • Strengthened Customer Trust

The customers develop confidence because they believe their data is safe and that their insurer is employing cutting-edge tools to ensure fairness.

  • Streamlined Claims Processing

From the time that the blockchain holds the accurate data to the validation of the claim down to payment by the intelligent system, the customer no longer has to wait for weeks for investigations.

  • Refined Risk Assessment

Risk assessment blockchain systems guarantee that insurers are able to accurately assess those risks by looking at clean and credible data. Fair pricing equates to fewer mistakes.

Challenges to Overcome

Of course, like any new technology, adopting blockchain and AI isn’t without challenges.

  • High Implementation Costs: Setting up blockchain infrastructure and training AI systems requires upfront investment.
  • Data Privacy Concerns: Companies must ensure sensitive information is still kept private, even when shared across secure blockchains.
  • Integration with Legacy Systems: Many insurers still use older technology that isn’t easily compatible with blockchain or AI tools.

But despite these challenges, the long-term benefits make adoption worthwhile. In fact, many insurers are already running pilot projects to see how blockchain and AI can reshape their fraud prevention strategies.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Insurance Fraud Prevention

The future looks promising. As blockchain networks grow and AI algorithms get smarter, insurance fraud prevention will become more efficient, accurate, and reliable. Imagine a world where fraudulent claims are spotted instantly, honest customers get faster payouts, and insurers save billions every year.

This isn’t science fiction; it’s already happening. In the next decade, blockchain security insurance solutions and AI-driven fraud detection systems will become standard practice across the industry. And that’s where Arpatech comes in, by helping insurers design, build, and integrate customized blockchain + AI solutions, ensuring stronger fraud prevention, better data integrity, and smarter risk assessment for long-term success.

Frequently Asked Questions

  • What are the main types of insurance fraud that blockchain + AI can help prevent?

Deception is a disaster, and you need disaster recovery as soon as possible. Blockchain and AI can help prevent several types of fraud, including:

  • Fake medical claims in health insurance
  • Staged accidents and inflated repair bills in auto insurance
  • False identities or duplicate claims in life insurance
  • Property damage exaggeration in home insurance

How do AI and blockchain work together in fraud detection?

Blockchain ensures that all data is secure, transparent, and tamper-proof, while AI analyzes that data to spot suspicious behavior. In other words, blockchain provides the trustworthy foundation, and AI acts as the smart detective. Together, they create a reliable system for detecting and preventing fraud.

How can risk assessment be enhanced with blockchain + AI?

Risk assessment improves because blockchain provides accurate, unaltered records, and AI uses that clean data to predict risks more effectively. For insurers, this means more accurate pricing, better decision-making, and fewer chances of fraud slipping through the cracks.

Ramsha Khan

Oct 7, 2025

Blockchain’s Role in Insurtech Data Integrity

Blockchain’s Role in Insurtech Data Integrity

Insurance lives and dies on trust. Policyholders trust carriers to keep accurate records, pay legitimate claims, and protect sensitive data. Insurers trust each other, brokers, and regulators to be honest and auditable. Insurtech, technology that modernizes insurance, has already changed how companies price risk, process claims, and serve customers. But one of the most powerful tools in the insurtech toolbox for strengthening data integrity is blockchain.

Below, we’ll walk you through, in plain language, how blockchain adds real value for insurers: from immutable records and smart contracts to fraud prevention, claims automation, and meeting regulatory compliance needs. We’ll use simple examples, touch on practical limits, and close with answers to the most common questions.

What Do We Mean by Data Integrity in Insurance?

At its simplest, data integrity means data you can trust: complete, accurate, tamper-evident, and auditable. For insurance, that means:

  • Customer identities and KYC records are correct and available.
  • Policy terms, endorsements, and claim histories cannot be secretly altered.
  • Payment and settlement events are traceable.
  • Audit trails exist for regulators and internal compliance teams.

Traditional systems store this data in centralized databases. That works, but it creates single points of failure, reconciliation headaches when multiple parties are involved, and opportunities for fraud or accidental changes.

Blockchain Insurtech: the Basic Idea

A blockchain (or distributed ledger) is a shared database where transactions are recorded in an append-only chain of blocks. Two important features for insurance are:

  • Immutability: Once data is recorded and confirmed, it’s extremely hard to change without others noticing.
  • Decentralization: Multiple parties can hold synchronized copies, so you don’t need to trust a single central party to maintain truth.

When insurers, reinsurers, brokers, hospitals, and regulators agree to share certain data on a permissioned ledger, everyone gets the same view of truth. That’s hugely helpful for transparency, digital trust, and risk management.

How Blockchain Improves Data Security and Immutable Records

How-Blockchain-Improves-Data-Security-and-Immutable-Records

Blockchain helps data security in three practical ways:

Tamper-evidence

Edits to records are visible because each new block references the previous one. If someone tampers with old data, the chain won’t validate across the network.

Cryptographic proofs

Entries are cryptographically signed, so you can cryptographically verify who added what and when.

Reduced single point of failure

With permissioned blockchains, multiple trusted parties host nodes, reducing the risk that one compromised system ruins the whole dataset.

Put together, these features create immutable records that auditors and regulators can rely on. That’s not the same as making everything public; permissioned ledgers can still restrict who sees what while preserving integrity.

One thing to remember: blockchain strengthens integrity but does not replace the need for good access controls, encryption of sensitive fields, and secure key management.

Smart Contracts and Claims Automation

One of the most practical Insurtech applications is combining blockchain with smart contracts, small programs that run on the ledger and execute when preset conditions are met.

Imagine a travel delay policy: if flight delay data (from a trusted oracle) shows a qualifying delay, a smart contract automatically triggers a claim payment to the policyholder. That’s claims automation with fewer manual steps, fewer disputes, and faster payouts.

Benefits:

  • Faster settlement and better customer experience.
  • Lower operating costs (fewer manual adjusters for routine claims).
  • A clear, auditable chain showing why a claim was paid or failed.

Smart contracts must be carefully written and tested; bugs here can cause wrong payouts or stuck claims, so governance and fallback processes are critical.

Fraud Prevention and Reducing Duplicate Claims

Fraud is responsible for costing insurers billions every year. Blockchain will discourage such fraudulent acts by making it easy to spot duplicate claims, staged events, or inconsistent histories:

  • A decentralized ledger can record claims history and policy status across multiple insurers and intermediaries, thus making it difficult under bad actors to claim the same loss multiple times.
  • Shared KYC records are suddenly reducing the incidence of identity fraud, thus providing instant onboarding.
  • Cryptographic timestamps and signed evidence make retroactive tampering far more difficult.
  • Added cost will be paid for not eliminating fraud but making it more enviable and making the investigation quicker and conclusive, saving money and protecting honest customers.

Regulatory Compliance and Audit Trails

Regulators want clear, auditable trails. Blockchain naturally supports auditability by recording who did what and when. Permissioned ledgers make it possible to:

Regulatory-Compliance-and-Audit-Trails

This doesn’t remove the need for legal and compliance teams, but it streamlines audits and improves regulatory compliance readiness.

Use Cases Where Blockchain Shines in Insurtech

Some real-world use cases that benefit most:

  • Claims automation for simple, well-defined triggers (travel, IoT-based insurers, parametric products).
  • Reinsurance and settlement reconciliation, where multiple parties need a single view of facts and payment events.
  • KYC and identity sharing, reducing repetitive onboarding work across carriers.
  • Peer-to-peer and decentralized insurance products that rely on transparent shared rules and pools.
  • Supply-chain or asset insurance where immutable provenance matters (e.g., cargo, high-value items).

Industry research also shows growing interest: market forecasts project strong growth in blockchain use within insurance, as companies invest in verification, reconciliation, and automation tools. For example, one market analysis projects the blockchain-in-insurance market to expand significantly over the coming years. Many insurance firms report plans to increase blockchain investment as they target claims automation and fraud prevention.

Practical Limits and What to Watch Out For

Blockchain isn’t a silver bullet. Here are practical limits to consider:

  • Data privacy laws: Personal data often cannot be stored immutably forever. Designers use techniques like storing hashes on-chain while keeping personal data off-chain.
  • Interoperability: Different ledgers and legacy systems need connectors and standards.
  • Governance: Who runs the network, who can add or correct data, and how disputes are resolved must be clearly defined.
  • Cost and performance: Public blockchains can be slow and expensive; most insurtech deployments use permissioned chains optimized for enterprise.
  • Smart contract risk: Bugs are real—robust testing and upgrade paths are required.

Good implementations mix blockchain with proven engineering practices: off-chain storage for heavy or private data, signed hashes on-chain for integrity, and clear legal agreements among participants.

Building Digital Trust: More Than Technology

Technology alone doesn’t create trust; people do. Blockchain is a tool that makes it easier to prove things to customers, partners, and regulators. Pair it with transparent governance, strong security practices, and user-friendly interfaces, and insurers can deliver real digital trust to customers.

Final Tips for Insurers Thinking About Blockchain

To successfully implement blockchain, insurers should identify various applications but zero in on a high-value, focused use case for entering the blockchain space, such as claims handling. Sensitivity regarding information requires using permission ledgers, which enable storing on-chain only cryptographic proofs. Key elements needed for success include strong governance, reliable identity framework, trusted data oracle, but above all, a pilot with key partners like brokers, reinsurers, or hospitals to get the real value out of network collaboration.

At Arpatech, we help businesses navigate this journey by designing blockchain solutions tailored for insurance, ensuring data integrity, regulatory compliance, and seamless integration with existing systems, so you can build trust, reduce risk, and innovate with confidence.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does blockchain improve data integrity in insurance?

It stores signed, timestamped entries in purely append-only ledgers, rendering records tamper-evident and readily verifiable by various parties. In combination with on-chain hashes and off-chain secure storage for private data, one can obtain both privacy and integrity: the ledger proves, without revealing any sensitive content, that data did exist at a certain state.

Can blockchain help with regulatory compliance and audit trails?

Yes, they really do. The audit trails created by blockchains show who has entered data and the time. Permissioned ledgers allow insurers to build access for regulatory purposes to verifiable data without publishing customer details publicly. That gives rise to faster audits and lesser work during reconciliation. It should be noted that it must be supplemented with proper governance and privacy practices to be able to satisfy legal requirements.

What Insurtech use cases benefit most?

Top beneficiaries include:

  • Claims automation (especially parametric and routine claims),
  • Reinsurance reconciliation,
  • KYC/identity sharing,
  • Fraud detection and duplicate-claim prevention, and
  • Decentralized insurance models that need transparent, programmatic rules (smart contracts).

Ramsha Khan

Sep 30, 2025

AI-Driven Automation for Seamless Insurance Operations

AI-Driven Automation for Seamless Insurance Operations

Insurance firms have always been about balancing risk, speed, and trust. Lately, there’s a new teammate on the floor: artificial intelligence. When layered into existing systems as AI in insurance operations, it becomes a force multiplier, streamlining manual work, improving customer service, and helping underwriters and claims teams make sharper decisions.

Today, I’ll walk you through practical ways AI is used right now, why it pays off, and how teams can start without getting lost in the buzzwords.

Why AI Matters for Operational Efficiency

Think about the repetitive, rule-based tasks that gobble up hours every day: opening claims, verifying documents, filling forms, routing policies for signature. That’s exactly the kind of work intelligent automation handles best. By automating routine flows, insurers free people for judgment-heavy tasks, the ones where nuance, empathy, and experience still beat a model.

Two sources that tell the story:

In a 2024 McKinsey survey, about 65% of respondents said their organizations were regularly using generative AI, a sign that insurers aren’t just experimenting; they’re deploying AI in production.

A recent NAIC survey found that 84% of health insurers report using AI/ML in some capacity, showing broad, real-world uptake in a highly regulated line of business. Those numbers mean what you think: AI isn’t hypothetical. It’s driving process optimization and cost reduction now.

Where Intelligent Automation Shines: Claims Processing

Claims are a prime target. The typical lifecycle, intake, validation, estimate, and settlement, has many hand-offs and document-heavy steps. AI can:

Where-Intelligent-Automation-Shines

That combination speeds up turnaround and reduces back-office toil. Insurers using automated claims flows often report big improvements in cycle time and customer satisfaction because people get paid faster and with fewer hoops to jump through.

Industry analyses have found that automated claims processing can reduce the time to settle by substantial margins.

Underwriting Automation: Better Risk Assessment, Faster Quotes

Underwriting used to mean shuffling paper, hunting for prior-loss history, and slow manual scoring. Now AI and predictive analytics change the game:

  • Models consume structured data (claims history, credit, telematics) and unstructured data (inspection images, social feeds, documents) to generate risk scores.
  • Automation assembles recommended coverages and pricing for straightforward cases, pushing complex or borderline files to human underwriters.
  • Over time, the model learns from outcomes and refines which variables actually predict losses.

That’s underwriting automation: faster quotes, more consistent risk selection, and, most importantly, better alignment between premium and risk.

Policy Administration and Process Optimization

Policy admin (endorsements, renewals, cancellations) is ready for robotic process automation plus AI:

  • Automated workflows handle renewal notices, validate required documents, and update customer records.
  • Chatbots and intelligent assistants handle common customer requests (policy details, carnet of documents), freeing human agents for complex inquiries, improving customer service while lowering call-center costs.
  • Predictive models can identify at-risk customers before renewal and trigger targeted retention workflows.

All of this reduces processing time and human error, and supports cost reduction without sacrificing service levels.

Predictive Analytics: Getting Ahead of Risks

Predictive analytics isn’t only for pricing. It helps insurers forecast where losses will concentrate (e.g., flood-prone zones, rising claims in a particular product), decide where to invest in loss control, and design prevention programs for large groups of policyholders. Combine that with real-time data (IoT sensors, telematics) and you move from reactive claims-paying to proactive risk management.

Intelligent Automation + Human Expertise: The Best Pairing

A common fear is that automation will erase human roles. Reality: the highest-value outcomes come when AI does the heavy lifting and humans apply judgment. For example:

  • AI flags a suspicious claim and summarizes why it’s odd, the investigator reviews the summary and decides next steps.
  • Underwriting automation handles standard risks; senior underwriters focus on complex, high-dollar risks and strategy.

This is where you get the most durable ROI: people doing what only people can do, machines handling the rest.

Practical Steps to Start (and Scale) AI in Insurance Operations

  • The first thing is pain points: select the high-volume, known-process area (for example, first notice of loss intake).
  • Easy proof of value with a pilot: Time saved, error reduction in cases and client impact can be measured for the small victories that build up momentum.
  • Modular solutions: good reuse of components (for example, document extraction, triage engine) should hasten new use cases.
  • Instrument everything: model accuracy, decision latencies, and downstream financial impacts are to be observed.
  • From day one, plan for governance: logging, audit trail, human-in-the-loop checkpoints, and compliance reviews are essentials.
  • Invest in data hygiene: models are only as good as the integrated data they learn from, clean, consistent inputs are non-negotiable.

Insurers operate in regulated environments. That means any AI system must be auditable, explainable, and fair:

  • Keep a documented model inventory and decision logs.
  • Use explainable AI tools or surrogate models to provide human-readable reasons for decisions.
  • Run bias and fairness tests on training data.
  • Maintain human oversight on material decisions (pricing, coverage denials).

This is not just compliance theater; it improves models and builds trust with regulators and customers.

A Short Note on Cost Reduction and ROI

AI reduces cost in multiple ways: fewer manual hours, fewer mistakes, faster settlements (which reduces legal and administrative drag), and better risk selection. But the fastest, most reliable ROI usually comes from operational efficiency projects, automating repetitive workflows and claims triage, rather than attempting to replace core actuarial judgment overnight.

BCG and other consultancies have noted that customer service and automation often account for a large share of early AI-generated value in insurers.

Common Obstacles, and How to Overcome Them

Common-Obstacles-and-how-to-overcome-them

AI adoption in insurance isn’t without hurdles. But most challenges have practical solutions that help insurers move forward with confidence.

  • Data silos

Claims, underwriting, and customer data often sit in separate systems, limiting AI’s effectiveness. Centralized data stores or APIs can break down these walls and improve accuracy.

  • Legacy systems

Old platforms can’t be replaced overnight. Integration layers and gradual migrations let insurers connect AI to existing systems without major disruption.

  • Skill gaps

Underwriters and adjusters may lack AI know-how. Upskilling teams with basic AI literacy and adding a small data/ML ops group bridges the gap.

  • Governance

AI must stay transparent and compliant. Early frameworks for logging, bias checks, and human oversight keep operations safe and trustworthy.

These challenges may seem daunting, but with smart planning, they become stepping stones. By tackling silos, legacy tech, skill gaps, and governance, insurers can unlock the real benefits of AI in insurance operations, smoother workflows, lower costs, and stronger customer service.

Two Quick Success Signals to Watch

Cycle time drop, if time-to-claim resolution or quote-to-bind falls significantly, automation is working. Many insurers report substantial reductions once automation is in place.

Worker redeployment, if back-office staff shift from data entry to exception-handling, you’ve moved from cost-cutting to capability-building.

Final thoughts

AI-driven automation is a practical lever for insurers who want faster operations, lower costs, and better customer experiences. Start small, govern carefully, and design for collaboration between machines and people; that’s the formula for seamless insurance operations.

At Arpatech, we help insurance providers put these ideas into action by building personalized AI development solutions, streamlining claims and underwriting workflows, and ensuring compliance is never compromised. If you’re ready to transform your operations with intelligent automation, our team can guide you every step of the way.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where does AI deliver fast ROI in insurance?

Immediate returns tend to occur in areas that provide sittings on high-volume and low-complexity operations: claims intake and triage, document extraction, policy administration, and simple underwriting decisions. The beauty of AI here is that it quickly eliminates manual hours, reduces cycle times, and lowers error rates-an excellent demonstration for measurable returns.

How do insurers keep AI compliant?

The essence of the AI within insurance companies is governed clearly: controlled versions of models are used with logs of decisions made, with tools for explainability, tests for bias, data privacy fully enforced, and human-first oversight of any significant decisions. Achieving regulatory engagement and documenting what goes into and comes out of a model enhances applicable standards and guidelines for AI use.

Will AI replace human underwriters/adjusters?

Not now, at least for the near-term. AI takes care of the repetitive parts of the job but actually supports real-time decision-making. The human expert is still extremely important, where the judgment call is complex, where relationship management enters, or where exceptions need to be handled. In all likelihood, we will see an evolution of the roles: colleague decision-making or strategic work to humans, while computers will carry out rule-based execution.

What data is needed to start?

Start with the cleanest data that will give you the largest impact: claims history, policy metadata, customer contacts, and most-used forms/documents. For underwriting in particular, exposure data and loss history are key. Even if the data is not perfectly clean, run a pilot under minimal requirements to narrow down the use case and iterate toward better data quality.

Ramsha Khan

Sep 25, 2025

Enhancing Real-Time Logistics Visibility with Advanced Tracking

Enhancing Real-Time Logistics Visibility with Advanced ...

If you’ve ever watched a map pin crawl across your screen and thought, “Why can’t all my shipments be this clear?”, you’re already craving Real-Time Logistics Visibility. Customers want live updates. Operations teams want fewer surprises. Finance wants predictable costs. The good news? With today’s shipment tracking, sensor technology, GPS tracking, and smarter platforms, real-time visibility is finally practical, not just for global giants, but for growing shippers and 3PLs too.

Below, we’ll break down what real-time visibility actually means, how it works, where IoT in logistics fits in, how predictive ETA helps you make better promises, and how to roll it out without blowing up your budget or your processes.

What Real-Time Logistics Visibility Really Means?

Think of visibility as one live timeline for every order and freight monitoring event, across carriers, modes, and partners, updated continuously by devices and data feeds. Real-time visibility usually includes:

  • Location: Where is the load now? (via GPS tracking, telematics, and mobile apps)
  • Condition: Is it safe and within specs? (via sensor technology for temperature, shock, tilt, humidity, light)
  • Milestones: Picked up, in-transit, at cross-dock, out for last-mile tracking, delivered (with proof)
  • Exceptions: Delays, route deviations, dwell, temperature excursions, damage risk
  • Predictive ETA: A living arrival time that updates using real-time data + historical patterns

With all that in one place, you get supply chain transparency that’s actually usable, not a stack of spreadsheets that’s out of date by the time you hit refresh.

Why Real-Time Beats “Scan-and-See-You-Later”

Legacy tracking depends on sporadic barcode scans. That’s better than nothing, but it leaves huge blind spots between handoffs. Real-time systems, by contrast, stream data continuously. Small, low-cost devices and vehicle telematics feed your visibility platform minute by minute. That means you see what’s happening, not just what happened.

A powerful proof point: analysts reported that last-mile delivery can account for about 41% of total logistics costs, which is exactly where delays, missed windows, and “where’s my order?” calls stack up. Real-time visibility helps teams compress that cost by preventing waste, rerouting in the moment, avoiding failed deliveries, and coordinating handoffs.

The Building Blocks: GPS, Sensors, and Shared Data Pipes

The-Building-Blocks-GPS,-Sensors,-and-Shared-Data-Pipes

Modern visibility stacks feel complex, but they boil down to a few building blocks:

1) GPS Tracking

  • Vehicle telematics and portable trackers provide precise, frequent location pings.
  • Works across modes (road, ocean, air) when paired with carrier/platform feeds.
  • Key for freight monitoring and exception alerts (late departure, route deviation).

2) Sensor Technology

  • Cold chain? Add temperature and humidity.
  • Fragile cargo? Shock, tilt, and light sensors spot mishandling or tampering.
  • High-value goods? Light detection can flag door opens or box breaches in real time.

3) IoT in Logistics

The explosion of connected devices is what makes real-time affordable and scalable. Research indicates the number of connected IoT devices reached 16.6 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow to 41.1 billion in 2030, a wave that’s directly powering logistics visibility use cases (from trailer tracking to pallet-level monitoring).

4) Real-Time Data Platform

  • Aggregates signals from carriers, ELD/telematics, trackers, TMS, WMS, and partner APIs.
  • Normalizes messy feeds (units, timezones, event names) into a clean, shared view.
  • Pushes alerts, analytics, and predictive ETA to the people who need them.

Predictive ETA: Better Promises, Fewer Apologies

Classic ETAs assume everything goes right. Predictive ETAs use real-time data: traffic, weather, port congestion, dwell history, driver hours, and lane performance. The result is a moving ETA that gets smarter with each update, so planners, warehouses, and customers can adjust before a delay becomes a crisis.

This shift matters. Ocean, air, and road networks are volatile. Predictive ETA narrows uncertainty, improves on-time performance, and reduces costly “hot” shipments. In practice, teams use predictive ETAs to:

  • Reslot dock times to match reality (cut detention/demurrage)
  • Prioritize labor and picking by actual inbound sequence
  • Proactively notify customers with honest, earlier updates
  • Consolidate or split shipments to hit priority windows

Operational Efficiency: Where the Savings Show Up

Real-time visibility drives operational efficiency because you’re not fighting blindfolded. Common, measurable wins include:

  • Lower manual work: Fewer “where’s my truck?” calls; exception queues replace inbox chaos.
  • Reduced dwell and detention: See bottlenecks forming, re-slot docks, and pre-clear paperwork.
  • Less spoilage and damage: Sensor-triggered alerts let you intervene before the load is out of spec.
  • Better asset utilization: Know which trailers, containers, or returnables are idle and where.
  • Higher on-time, first-attempt delivery: Last-mile tracking plus proactive messaging reduces failed drops and reschedules.

Even small percentage gains compound across lanes, seasons, and partners, especially when last mile is such a large cost bucket.

Supply Chain Transparency Your Partners Will Actually Use

Great visibility isn’t a dashboard you admire, it’s a shared view people act on. Best practices:

  • Role-based views: Dispatch sees exceptions by lane; customer service sees order-level ETAs; warehouse sees inbound sequence; leadership sees KPI rollups.
  • Event standardization: Align on what “Arrived,” “At Gate,” “Out for Delivery,” and “Delivered” mean across carriers. No more “translation” meetings.
  • Open alerts: Push notifications via email, SMS, or chat for the handful of exceptions that truly matter (temperature out-of-range, ETA risk >2 hours, route deviation >10 km, etc.).
  • Auditability: Keep a digital breadcrumb trail for claims and carrier scorecards.

Freight Monitoring: From “Track” to “Protect”

Freight monitoring extends beyond dots on a map to the physical state of goods. For temperature-controlled shipments, add:

  • Pre-set thresholds (e.g., +2°C to +8°C)
  • Escalation logic (notify carrier at 10 minutes, shipper at 20)
  • Dynamic routing (reroute to nearest validated cold room)
  • Auto-documentation (downloadable compliance report for each leg)
  • For high-value or fragile shipments:
  • Geofences around DCs, airports, and high-risk corridors
  • Shock and tilt alerts to document chain-of-custody issues
  • Light exposure as an early theft/tamper signal

This is visibility that prevents loss, not just reports it after the fact.

Last-Mile Tracking: Where CX and Cost Collide

Customers don’t judge you by upstream brilliance; they judge you by the doorbell ring. Strong last-mile tracking combines:

  • Driver apps for turn-by-turn and digital POD
  • Dynamic routes that re-optimize with new orders, traffic, and time windows
  • Customer self-service: live map, rescheduling, delivery notes, safe-place preferences
  • Predictive ETA to set honest expectations and slash WISMO (“Where Is My Order?”) calls

Because last mile drives the largest cost share, it’s also where visibility delivers the fastest ROI.

From Pilot to Scale: A Simple Rollout Plan

You don’t have to do everything at once. Start small and grow step by step. This is how to can go about developing your logistics app:

From-Pilot-to-Scale-A-Simple-Rollout-Plan

1. Choose 1–2 problem areas

Focus on lanes or customers where delays, claims, or “where’s my order?” calls happen most. Decide how you’ll measure success (like improving on-time delivery or cutting detention fees).

2. Add GPS and sensors

Use vehicle trackers and portable devices to see where shipments are in real time. For sensitive goods, add sensors that check temperature or handling.

3. Clean up the data

Make sure information from carriers and devices follows the same format. Clean, consistent data makes the system reliable.

4. Set up exception alerts

Don’t just look at dashboards—set rules so issues go straight to the right person to fix. For example, someone should respond to a delay within minutes, not hours.

5. Track key results

Keep an eye on numbers like on-time delivery, ETA accuracy, claims, and customer calls. Share results with carriers and celebrate improvements.

6. Expand gradually

Once it’s working well, roll it out to more lanes, partners, and transport modes. You can even use pallet-level trackers for high-value or fragile goods.

The Payoff: What You’ll See at the End

Real-time visibility isn’t a shiny gadget; it’s a control system for your network. It turns uncertainty into manageable exceptions, transforms customer experience, and cuts the hidden costs of firefighting. With the IoT device wave growing and predictive analytics improving, the gap between scan-based tracking and real-time operations will only widen. Teams that move now will set a higher bar for reliability and keep it.

This is where Arpatech can help: by integrating advanced tracking tools, IoT-enabled devices, and predictive analytics into your logistics processes, we make it easier for you to gain true supply chain transparency, boost efficiency, and deliver the kind of customer experience that sets you apart.

Have a free consultation with our developers to rethink, reimagine, and revamp your logistics application development today.

Frequently Asked Questions

  • What does “real-time visibility” actually include?

It’s the continuous, live picture of your shipments: location (via GPS tracking), condition (via sensor technology like temperature, shock, tilt, humidity, and light), milestones (pickup, in-transit, out for delivery, delivered), exceptions (delays, route deviations, dwell, excursions), and a predictive ETA that updates as conditions change. Done right, it’s shared across your TMS, WMS, customer portals, and partner networks so everyone acts from the same real-time data.

  • How does real-time visibility cut costs?

By shrinking the “unknowns” that cause waste. You’ll lower detention/dwell with earlier notices and better dock scheduling; reduce spoilage and damage with live condition alerts; avoid failed first deliveries with last-mile tracking and proactive customer updates; and trim manual effort by replacing status-chasing with exception queues. These improvements stack up, especially in the last mile, where a large share of logistics costs sits.

  • How do shippers measure success?

Pick a small set of KPIs and track them weekly:

  • On-time delivery % (by mode, lane, and customer)
  • ETA accuracy (variance between predicted and actual)
  • Dwell/detention minutes (and associated fees)
  • Claims rate (damage, temperature excursions, theft)
  • Calls per shipment / WISMO tickets
  • Cost-to-serve (especially for returns and redeliveries)

If those curves move the right way as your visibility coverage expands, you’re on the right track.

Ramsha Khan

Sep 23, 2025

Beyond the Last Mile: Optimizing Urban Delivery with AI and Automation

Beyond the Last Mile: Optimizing Urban Delivery with AI...

Imagine this: it’s late afternoon, a customer anxiously tracking a parcel, a driver fighting traffic and searching for an apartment block with a confusing entrance, and a logistics manager watching fuel costs tick up as delivery windows slip. That drama, repeated across millions of daily shipments, is the reality of the “last mile.”

It’s the final stretch of a package’s journey and often the most expensive, unpredictable, and visible part of delivery. The good news? AI delivery and automation are rapidly turning this pain point into a playground for innovation, improving speed, cutting costs, and making urban logistics kinder to cities and customers alike.

In this guide, we’ll unpack practical ways to optimize last-mile delivery using AI and automation, explain why this matters for customer experience and sustainability

Why does the Last Mile Matter?

Two quick facts that show the scale of the problem: the last mile can account for roughly half of total shipping costs, making it the most cost-intensive part of deliveries.
Also, demand for last-mile delivery is expected to surge; some industry forecasts estimate major growth in parcel volumes by 2030, driven by rising
e-commerce and urbanization.

What makes last-mile delivery so difficult in cities? A handful of predictable headaches: congestion, complicated building access, narrow streets, parking limits, unpredictable customer availability, and strict sustainability rules. All of these create variability, and variability is expensive.

Where AI adds the most value

Where-AI-adds-the-most-value

AI doesn’t replace delivery know-how; it amplifies it. Here are high-impact, realistic ways AI helps.

  • Smarter Route Optimization

Traditional routing plans often assume static conditions. AI ingests live traffic, weather, historical delivery times, parcel volumes, and even micro-patterns (e.g., which streets are slow on market days) to produce dynamic routes that reduce idle time, cut miles driven, and maintain delivery windows.

  • Predictive Delivery Windows

Rather than saying “we’ll deliver today,” AI predicts a narrow time window by combining driver location, route sequencing, and stop-level historical performance. Narrow windows increase successful first-time deliveries and raise customer satisfaction.

  • Load Balancing Across the Fleet

Machine learning can decide, in real time, whether a drop should move to a nearby van, a bike courier, or a locker, based on capacity, urgency, and sustainability metrics.

  • Demand Forecasting and Micro-Fulfillment Placement

Predictive models forecast order volumes at a hyper-local level. That lets companies stock micro-fulfillment centers and pop-up inventories near clusters of demand, slashing the miles needed for final delivery.

  • Smart Customer Communication

AI-driven messaging (SMS, app push, IVR) times alerts to when customers are most likely to respond, offers easy reschedule options, and collects delivery preferences, reducing failed delivery attempts.

When you combine these capabilities, route optimization becomes intelligent, customer experience improves, and operational costs fall.

Automation and Robotics: How They Fit Together

Automation spreads across physical and digital layers.

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)

There are currently trials of small autonomous shuttles that are self-driving mini-vans for fixed, predictable routes, for example, from a micro-fulfillment hub to a neighborhood hub, and possibly for some area local regulations, curb access, bus parking, AVs may be desirable.

Drones

Drones are also good for very short, lightweight, and low-traffic corridors, parks, waterfronts, or suburban edges, as accelerating single-item deliveries to surpass ground congestion, though rules and noise remain limiting factors in dense urban cores.

E-Cargo Bikes and E-Trikes

Including this category, practical automation-adjacent options in congested city centers are certainly the kind that grows agile and emits low emissions while transporting multiple packages from hubs to doorsteps.

Robotic Parcel Lockers and Automated Kiosks

That is transferring the last step from doorstep delivery to collection at a secure pickup point. Lockers decrease failure rates and improve efficiency by consolidating multiple deliveries into a single stop.

Warehouse Automation and Micro-Fulfillment.

Internally, automation is speeding up sorting and packing to prepare parcels for optimized routes.

In practice, the best strategy is blended: a mix of human drivers, e-bikes, lockers, and automation tech, chosen based on density, parcel types, and local constraints.

Designing for the City: Urban Planning Meets Delivery Tech

If last-mile delivery optimization is a logistics issue, it is also an urban-planning one. Cities that create loading zones, approve micro-hubs, and put money into curb-management systems will make low-emission delivery more efficient. Partnering municipalities and logistics providers for curb-time windows, consolidated drop-off points, and shared micro-hubs would be a great way to reduce delivery traffic and emissions.

Sustainable delivery options, electrified vans, e-bikes, and planned consolidation points also help logistics businesses meet corporate sustainability goals while navigating urban restrictions and resident concerns about noise and pollution.

Customer Experience: The Business Case for Optimization

Delivery is now a core part of the product experience. A smooth last mile builds loyalty; a bad final mile drives customers away. Optimized deliveries reduce missed deliveries, faster ETA accuracy improves trust, and flexible options (time-slot booking, pickup points, easy returns) increase repeat purchases.

In short: improving last-mile delivery isn’t a cost center, it’s a revenue enabler.

Practical Steps for Teams Starting Today

If you’re a logistics manager or product owner, here’s a simple roadmap:

  1. Establish the Baseline Performance measures: capture failed delivery rate, average delivery time per stop, miles per delivery, and customer satisfaction scores.
  2. Pilot AI Route Optimization on a segment of your fleet, urban mornings or evenings, and measure change.
  3. Try Micro-Fulfillment in a dense neighborhood for a month to see how much distance and time you save.
  4. Introduce Parcel Lockers or Scheduled Pickup Points to reduce failed first attempts.
  5. Electrify or Introduce E-Bikes where parking is hard and short trips are frequent.
  6. Communicate Better: implement predictive ETAs and two-way messaging to reduce missed deliveries.

Small pilots let you learn fast with lower investment.

Sustainability: An Operational and Reputational Win

Optimizing routes and shifting to low-emission vehicles reduces fuel use and emissions, good for cities and for a company’s ESG profile. Consolidation and micro-hubs reduce the number of vans entering sensitive urban zones. In many cities, these operational improvements are becoming regulatory expectations, not just nice-to-haves.

Common Concerns About AI & Automation

Common-Concerns-About-AI-and-Automation

  • Driver Impact: optimization tools should be framed as helpers, reducing idle time and pointless reroutes, not as surveillance. Involving drivers in tool selection increases adoption.
  • Regulatory Hurdles: Drones and AVs are still tightly regulated; local rules often dictate what’s feasible.
  • Upfront Cost: automation and AI require investment, but measured pilots and clear KPIs can demonstrate ROI quickly.

Real-World Wins

  • A company that reroutes dynamically based on live data can shave miles and cut in-time windows, increasing successful first deliveries.
  • Deploying lockers in residential blocks can convert multiple doorstop attempts into a single consolidated drop, saving costs and driver time.
  • Small micro-fulfillment centers in urban cores enable same- or next-day delivery without long van routes.

Final Thought

“Beyond the last mile” is more than a tagline; it’s a mindset. Logistics teams who see the last mile as a systems problem with inputs being urban planning + local fulfillment + intelligent routing + customer-centric communications give rise to accelerated deliveries with benefits of lower costs, happier customers, and greener cities. AI and automation provide great leverage in this transformation, but the real multipliers are practical experimentation: test small, measure honestly, and scale what genuinely reduces miles, time, and friction.

At Arpatech, we help businesses design and implement smart last-mile strategies by combining AI-driven route optimization, automation, and customer-focused delivery solutions, ensuring every shipment is not just efficient but also sustainable.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does AI improve last-mile routing?

AI improves routing by analyzing large amounts of data (live traffic, historical stop times, delivery priorities, vehicle types, and driver behavior) to create dynamic, real-time route plans. Instead of static daily routes, AI can re-sequence stops on the fly, balance load across vehicles, and reduce empty miles, which leads to faster deliveries, lower fuel consumption, and fewer missed windows. (See earlier examples on dynamic re-routing and predictive ETAs.)

What KPIs prove optimization is working?

Track a mix of operational and experience KPIs:

  • Successful first-time delivery rate (primary)
  • Average miles per delivery/fuel per delivery
  • On-time delivery percentage (within promised ETA)
  • Average stops per hour per driver
  • Customer satisfaction / NPS for delivery experience
  • Cost per delivery

Improvement across these measures after an AI/automation pilot indicates effective optimization.

Where do automation and robotics fit?

Automation fits at multiple points: warehouse sorting and micro-fulfillment, on-street delivery aides (e-bikes, e-trikes), autonomous shuttles for fixed shuttles, drones for niche corridors, and parcel lockers for final pickup. The best results come from a mixed approach tailored to local density, parcel size, and regulatory environment.

How to reduce failed deliveries?

Combine technology and design: provide accurate, narrow ETAs (AI-driven), allow customers easy rescheduling through simple links or apps, offer secure locker/pickup options, use driver apps that capture delivery notes and photos, and communicate proactively with customers about delays. Also, analyze failed delivery patterns and redesign routes or pickup options in high-failure zones.

Ramsha Khan

Sep 18, 2025

Open Banking: Learn about New Opportunities and Revenue Streams

Open Banking: Learn about New Opportunities and Revenue...

Open banking is no longer just a regulation-driven project. With the right Open Banking Strategy, it has become a way for banks, fintechs, and businesses to create better services, cut costs, and open new revenue streams.

At its heart, open banking is about data sharing and API integration, letting customers safely connect their financial accounts with apps and services they trust. This shift is building collaborative ecosystems where financial services become more flexible, customer-friendly, and innovative.

What is Open Banking? A Simple Look

Open banking allows customers to give permission for their financial data to be shared securely with other apps or platforms.

For example:

A budgeting app can pull in your bank transactions to give you a full money overview.

A shopping website can let you pay directly from your bank account, skipping the need for a card.

This happens through API integration, which acts as the secure “bridge” between different financial services. The rules for this come from regulatory frameworks such as PSD2 in Europe.

So in short, open banking = safe data sharing + clear customer control + modern financial services.

Why Open Banking Matters Now

Open banking adoption is growing quickly:

The UK has already passed 15 million open banking users, with payments being the most popular use case.

Globally, the number of open banking API calls is expected to grow by over 400% by 2025, showing how fast businesses are building on these rails.

This growth proves customers are ready, and businesses are finding real value in payment innovation, lending, and financial insights.

Building a Strong Open Banking Strategy

Building-a-Strong-Open-Banking-Strategy

A good Open Banking Strategy starts with customer needs, not just technology. Here are the main steps:

Focus on real problems

Look at where customers struggle, slow onboarding, high payment fees, rejected loan applications, and design solutions that fix those pain points.

Build trust through security

Data sharing must be secure. That means encryption, clear consent, and giving customers control over when and how their data is used.

Use flexible technology

With smart API integration, businesses can launch faster while staying safe. Keep systems modular so you can add or change partners without starting from scratch.

Work in collaborative ecosystems
Open banking works best when banks, fintechs, and merchants team up. These partnerships drive faster growth and better experiences for customers.

Payment Innovation: The First Quick Win

One of the fastest results from open banking is payment innovation. “Pay by bank” services allow customers to pay directly from their bank account instead of using a card.

  • Merchants save money on card fees.
  • Customers get a simple, secure experience.
  • Settlement is faster, which improves business cash flow.

This is why payment is often the first step in any Open Banking Strategy.

Data Sharing That Improves Financial Services

Open banking also transforms how financial services are delivered through data sharing:

Appropriate onboarding

Rather than wait days for micro-deposits to verify an account, one can merely log onto their bank, and it’s done instantly.

Better lending decisions

Lenders are able to assess cash flows in real-time to approve loans and include customers who are previously left out. This is a way of ensuring that there is financial inclusion.

Personalized money management

Apps will know more about a personalized savings tips, personalized spending insights, or even personalized investment nudges that may be thrust upon the customer based on what they would have done as behavior.

This is where open banking moves beyond payments and creates new business models.

New Business Models with Open Banking

Businesses are using open banking to launch new business models that generate revenue and customer loyalty:

Data monetization

With consent, businesses can turn transaction data into insights, like income verification for loans or expense tracking for budgeting.

Embedded finance

E-commerce platforms and apps can add loans, insurance, or savings features without becoming banks themselves.

Premium financial services

Small businesses can pay for tools like automated reconciliation, instant payouts, or cash flow dashboards.

API as a product

Companies that aggregate bank connections can charge developers or partners for access, support, and premium features.

Each of these models builds on safe API integration and clear regulatory frameworks.

Customer-Centricity: Keeping Users at the Center

 

There are two things an Open Banking Strategy must do: customer-centricity. Customers consent to data-sharing only if they:

  • Understand the rationale behind the use of their data.
  • Perceive an instant gain with respect to this particular transaction (like faster approvals or lesser fees).
  • Are in control of stopping or pausing any data-sharing at any time.

Putting transparency and control in the hands of the user creates trust and enhances long-term loyalty.

Regulatory Frameworks: A Friend, Not a Barrier

Regulations may seem like a burden, but they create the foundation for trust. Regulatory frameworks ensure:

Customer-Centricity-Keeping-Users-at-the-Center

By treating compliance as part of product design, companies can move faster and stand out as trustworthy.

Collaborative Ecosystems: Winning Together

Open banking thrives on collaborative ecosystems. No single player can cover everything; banks, fintechs, merchants, and technology providers need each other.

  • Banks provide the secure infrastructure.
  • Fintechs bring innovation and speed.
  • Merchants deliver new customer experiences.

Working together, they create financial services that are faster, cheaper, and more customer-friendly.

How Open Banking Creates Financial Inclusion

One of the most powerful benefits is financial inclusion. With real-time data sharing, people who don’t have long credit histories can still prove their reliability through income and spending records.

For example, a small business with steady cash flow but no collateral can get credit through open banking-powered assessments. This helps underserved groups participate more fully in the financial system.

Data Monetization: Turning Insights into Revenue

Many businesses ask: how do we earn money from open banking? The answer often lies in data monetization.

With consent, transaction data can be enriched and sold as insights, for example, risk scoring, spending categorization, or loan decision signals. The key is to ensure that customers also see value, so the exchange feels fair.

This creates a win-win: businesses generate income, while customers get faster, more relevant services.

Final Word

Open banking is no longer only about compliance; it’s about opportunity. With the right Open Banking Strategy, secure API integration, and customer-first design, businesses can now adapt new business models, expand financial inclusion, and create real value through payment innovation and data monetization.

By building strong collaborative ecosystems and working within clear regulatory frameworks, financial services can evolve into something smarter, faster, and more human. This is where Arpatech can help by guiding you through strategy, building secure integrations, and creating scalable digital solutions that turn open banking into real business growth.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do we keep data sharing secure

Through encryption, tokenization, and secure API integration. Customers should always be in control of what data is shared and for how long. Strong regulatory frameworks also provide protection.

What’s the biggest blocker?

The biggest challenge is aligning incentives. Banks pay for the infrastructure, but fintechs and merchants often see the most benefits. Clear partnerships and shared revenue models in collaborative ecosystems help solve this.

What are the quick wins from open banking?

  • Payment innovation with Pay by Bank.
  • Faster onboarding with instant account verification.
  • Smarter lending using real-time data.
  • What new revenue streams are realistic?
  • Savings from lower payment fees.
  • New products through data monetization.
  • Subscription-based business tools.
  • Rev-share from embedded financial services.

Ramsha Khan

Sep 16, 2025

The Digital Fortress: Building Security in Fintech Solutions

The Digital Fortress: Building Security in Fintech Solu...

If money makes the world go round, Fintech Security keeps the wheels from flying off. Whether you’re building a payments app, a robo-advisor, or a lending platform, customers hand you their most sensitive data and expect secure transactions by default. The challenge is that attackers adapt quickly, regulations keep evolving, and users won’t tolerate clunky experiences.

That’s why Fintech Security isn’t just a “tech feature”, it’s the foundation of trust between companies and their users.

This is your guide to building what we’ll call a digital fortress: a system that protects users from threats, complies with regulations, and makes people feel confident every time they use your app.

Why Is Security a Product Feature (Not a Checkbox)

Let’s face it, fintech companies are prime targets for hackers. Why? Because money and personal data are directly involved. A single weak spot can result in stolen identities, drained accounts, or major fraud, ultimately eroding trust overnight.

The impact of a breach isn’t just technical; it’s financial and reputational. According to IBM, the average cost of a data breach in 2025 was around $4.4 million, and that doesn’t even count the loss of customer trust.

On top of that, Verizon’s 2025 report shows that 88% of web application attacks happen because of stolen logins. That means the weakest link is often just a password!

These numbers tell us one thing: cybersecurity in fintech is not optional; it’s survival.

The Mindset: Assume you’ll be attacked

To build strong data protection systems, fintechs need to think like attackers. That means:

  • Always assume someone will try to break in.
  • Minimize damage by giving employees and systems the least amount of access they need.
  • Automate protections instead of depending on people to remember every step.
  • Keep checking and verifying, don’t trust a device or user forever just because they logged in once.

This “fortress mindset” keeps you one step ahead.

Data Protection that Actually Protects

Financial data is as precious as gold. Here’s how fintech should protect it:

Data-Protection-that-Actually-Protects

Encrypt Everything

Use strong encryption so data is scrambled when stored and while moving across networks. Even if hackers grab it, it will look like nonsense.

Control Access

Not every employee needs to see everything. Limit who can view sensitive information, and record every access attempt.

Prevent Leaks

Don’t let private details slip into logs, analytics, or third-party apps. Set rules to stop sensitive information from “leaking out” unnoticed.

By making encryption and strict data privacy policies part of your foundation, you’re already raising the walls of your fortress.

Identity Is The New Perimeter: Biometrics + Strong Auth

Let’s be honest, passwords are weak. People reuse them, write them down, or choose easy ones. That’s why fintechs are moving towards stronger login methods:

  • Biometric authentication: Using your fingerprint, face, or even voice to log in. This is quick for users and tough for hackers to fake.
  • Device checks: Linking accounts to a trusted phone or laptop so even if someone knows the password, they can’t log in from a new device without extra checks.
  • Adaptive security: Adding extra verification only when something looks suspicious, like a new location or a large transfer.

This way, you keep logins smooth but also add smart layers of fraud prevention.

Fraud Prevention That Doesn’t Ruin User Experience

Fraud is one of the biggest threats to fintech platforms. However, here’s the catch; there are too many security checks can frustrate users. The solution? Balance.

  • Score the risk: Every login or transaction gets a score: low, medium, or high risk. If its low risk then letting it pass quickly is okay. However, if its high risk? Then we need to add checks or block it.
  • Mix rules and AI: Simple rules catch obvious fraud, like too many login attempts. AI models can detect unusual patterns in spending or account activity.
  • Respond fast: If a fraud is detected, the system should block, freeze, or alert instantly, not after days.

If done right, fraud prevention happens in the background and only surfaces when necessary, keeping secure transactions smooth and user-friendly.

Securing The Software And Cloud

Fintech apps rely on many third-party tools, cloud services, and code libraries. That’s why hackers often try to attack the “supply chain” instead of the app directly. To protect against this:

  • Always employ software libraries that are trusted and keep them updated regularly. 
  • Do not store passwords and other confidential information in the code but rather in secure vaults. 
  • Divide cloud networks in such a manner that if one segment is compromised, the whole system will not be affected. 
  • Constantly scan and test applications for vulnerabilities and weaknesses before they are made available to the users.

Think of it like checking every brick before building a wall, because one bad brick could collapse the whole thing.

Blockchain Security: Where It Helps

There’s a lot of hype around blockchain security in fintech. While it’s not a magic fix, it can help in important ways:

  • Blockchain records are tamper-proof: After writing the data once in blockchain, it is almost impossible to change that information. It’s great ground for audits.
  • Intelligent contracts: This makes transactions execute automatically when certain conditions are satisfied and hence minimizes errors or manipulations by individuals.
  • Transparency: With blockchain, transactions can be followed; hence it prevents frauds;

But blockchain comes with its own challenges. Smart contracts must be coded perfectly because even a minor bug could be disastrous, and securing digital wallets is critical.

Monitoring And Quick Response

Even the best systems can face issues. The key is catching problems early:

  • Central monitoring: Collect data from logins, payments, and devices in one place.
  • Behavior tracking: Spot strange activities, like someone logging in from two countries at once.
  • Emergency playbooks: Have a clear plan for what to do if accounts are hacked, freeze, alert, reset, and recover quickly.

The faster you respond, the less damage attackers can do.

Regulatory Compliance That Scales

Fintechs operate in one of the most regulated industries. Following regulatory compliance isn’t just about avoiding fines; it’s about protecting customers.

The best way to stay compliant is to adopt frameworks:

  • NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF): A flexible standard that helps companies manage risks step by step.
  • PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard): Essential if you handle credit card data, it tells you exactly how to secure cardholder information.

Regulatory-Compliance-That-Scales

By building controls around these frameworks, you’ll stay prepared as laws and rules keep changing.

Privacy By Design

Security and data privacy go hand in hand. Here are a few golden rules:

  • Collect only the data you need.
  • Store it only where necessary.
  • Give users the ability to view, download, or delete their data if they ask.
  • Make sure backups and copies are also protected.

This makes your system safer and shows customers you respect their privacy.

People And Habits: The Human Factor

No matter how advanced your technology gets, people can be the weakest link. A careless click or a stolen laptop can open the gates. That’s why:

  • Train employees regularly on cybersecurity best practices.
  • Make sure developers follow secure coding habits and DevOps best practices.
  • Check third-party vendors carefully; they can become backdoors for attackers.

Strong human habits add another layer to your digital fortress.

The Ultimate Fintech Security Checklist

Here’s a simple list every fintech should follow:

  1. Very strict identity checks: biometrics, device binding, and passwordless logins.
  2. Ubiquitous encryption: both data in transit and data at rest are encrypted.
  3. Fraud detection: AI plus rules for suspicious behavior.
  4. Secure coding: check for vulnerabilities, control libraries.
  5. Cloud security: virtual networks, barriers, and constant checking.
  6. Quick reaction: immediate notifications and action plans.
  7. Regulatory compliance: NIST CSF, PCI DSS, and local laws.

Think of these as the walls, gates, and guards of your digital fortress.

Building Trust, One Secure Interaction At A Time

Fintech security is by no means an easy matter but it is ultimately a matter of trust. Users expect their money and personal information to be secure but at the same time they do not want to be inconvenienced by prolonged security checks. Fintechs can offer the best of both worlds through the mix of cybersecurity, intelligent fraud prevention, biometric authentication and adherence to worldwide standards.

And remember: a fortress is never “finished.” Security requires constant updates, monitoring, and improvements as threats evolve. This is where Arpatech can help. With our expertise in fintech security solutions, risk management, and regulatory compliance, we build scalable, future-ready systems that not only protect sensitive data but also enhance the user experience. From implementing strong encryption to designing adaptive fraud detection and secure cloud architectures, Arpatech partners with you to turn security into a true business advantage.

Frequently Asked Questions

What security controls are non-negotiable for fintechs?

At minimum: encryption, strong authentication (biometrics or FIDO2), least-privilege access for employees, fraud detection tools, secure APIs, monitoring for unusual activity, and compliance with frameworks like PCI DSS.

How do you balance fraud prevention with UX?

Use adaptive security. For normal, low-risk actions, keep the experience fast. For risky ones (like large transfers), step up with biometrics or extra checks. This way, most users stay happy while fraudsters are stopped.

Which frameworks help with compliance?

NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) for overall risk management, and PCI DSS if you handle card payments. These give fintechs a structured way to prove they’re secure and compliant.

Can blockchain improve fintech security?

Yes. The blockchain changes the game for the records by making them tamper-proof, increasing transparency, and granting the possibility of smart contracts for secure transactions. Nonetheless, the technology demands robust coding, wallet security, and proper handling. Consequently, it’s a beneficial instrument, but not a cure-all.

Ramsha Khan

Sep 11, 2025